The spiral is an ubiquitous shape in nature. Everyone is familiar with the spiral pattern of a sea shell, or the whirling flow of water as it goes down a drain, or the spiral shape of distant galaxies. Those who appreciate the beauty of these objects can add a new one to their lists: spirals around stars. Our team at the Space Sciences Laboratory at U.C. Berkeley reported this latest addition to the cosmic menagerie in a letter in the April 8, 1999 issue of Nature.

This curious star, known as Wolf-Rayet 104, lies in the constellation of Sagittarius. Because it is so far from us, the apparent size of the spiral around the star is so small that its discovery relied on advanced imaging techniques that utilized the full resolving power of the Keck Telescope, the world's largest telescope.

Wolf-Rayet stars, so named after the two astronomers who first discovered them, are hot massive luminous stars. They are typically 3 times the size and 25 times heavier than our sun, and would outshine it by a factor of 100000. This is the same ratio as the apparent brightness of our Sun compared to our Moon.

At this level of brightness, the radiation field around the star takes on a life of its own, and plays a most unusual role: it drives off the outer atmosphere of the star by photon pressure. Thus Wolf-Rayet stars are so bright that they are literally flying apart! This results in a dense, high-velocity stellar wind surrounding the star that first attracted the attention of astronomers.

The image of WR 104 taken in April 1998 at the Keck I Telescope is shown here. A bar is drawn with a scale of 160 AU (or Astronomical Units), which is approximately the diameter of the spiral. This scale corresponds to twice the diameter of the orbit of Pluto around the Sun. One AU is equal to 93 million miles and is the distance from the Earth to the Sun. The image is so small it is equivalent to seeing details on the head of a pin at a distance of 2 miles.

The image was reconstructed using the technique of aperture masking interferometry, in which most of the area of the Keck telescope was masked off, making it equivalent to 36 small circular regions or holes in which light could go through and interfere. Fringe patterns from the interference of these smaller "telescopes" are recorded with the facility near-infrared camera (NIRC) at the focus of the Keck I telescope and reconstructed into an image using software originally developed for radio interferometry. This technique is much less sensitive to atmospheric twinkling or seeing than direct imaging. This clarity of vision is the vital key to finding the spiral that was previously hidden from the eyes of astronomers by the shimmering of the earth's atmosphere. Without this technqiue we would have seen only a fuzzy blob many times larger than the images presented here.

What is unusual about Wolf-Rayet 104 is that it is smoking like a chimney. The stellar wind is extremely dusty causing it to give off infra-red (or heat) radiation. This dust has been puzzling astronomers for many years.

Although astronomers know that all the chemical ingredients to make dust are abundant in the stellar wind, the intense radiation from the Wolf-Rayet star should incinerate the dust as soon as it is born. Alternatively, when the wind is far enough away from the star to cool, the gas is now too thin for dust to condense. This catch-22 is the key to the puzzle. Can the snowflakes of dust somehow survive the furnace, or are they born in the wilderness?

As the pictures on this page reveal, Wolf-Rayet 104 has a few more surprises in store. There must be another star lurking in the middle, making this a binary star system, and although the companion is not quite a twin brother to the Wolf-Rayet, it is nevertheless a luminous blue OB star with a strong stellar wind of its own.

It would seem, from the point of view of a dust flake caught between the frying pan and the fire, that two hot stars are better than one. When the stellar wind from the OB companion meets the wind from the Wolf-Rayet star, a shock front forms which compresses the material from the stellar winds. It is in this "cocoon", where the density is high and the temperatures moderate that dust formation may flourish.

But why do our images of this star look like a spiral? Binary stars, like planets, are in constant motion. And so, our dust nursery at the collision front between the stellar winds, is carried around with the natural orbital motion of the companion OB star, doing a complete rotation once every 220 days. The spiral shape is a consequence of material being swept radially outwards by the stellar wind from this rotating dust formation zone. This is the classic "lawnsprinkler" spiral where the water is always flowing straight away from the center, but as the spigot rotates the water looks like it is flowing in a spiral when you look from the top. The cartoon shown above captures the essential features of this picture of WR 104.

The movie images on this page are the first of a new type of stellar nebula: the spiral pinwheel. The first movie (on the left side) is made up of 3 time-lapse images from, April, June, and September 1998. It is a movie with only three frames, so its motion looks jumpy.

The second movie (right) is made by "morphing" from image to the next in small steps so that the motion looks more continuous.

From careful mathematical analysis of the images we determine many things about this unusual system, including the period of orbital motion, the inclination, the distance from Earth, and we can even start to make guesses about the star's life history. All from the dusty tail, without ever seeing the stars in the middle of it all!

These results are further described in our letter in Nature "A dusty pinwheel nebula around the massive star wr104" by Peter Tuthill, John Monnier and William Danchi Volume 398, pp. 487-489, April 8, 1999.

Feel free to download or study these images in more detail:
  3 epoch maps WR 104 (photoshop).
  WR 104 with title (jpg).
  WR 104 with no title (jpg).
  Schematic diagram of spiral (jpg).
  Animated gif of 3 epochs of data on WR 104 (gif).
  Morphed gif of 3 epochs of data on WR 104 (gif).

Photo Credit: U.C. Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory/W.M. Keck Observatory

A preprint is available to download if you are interested in learning about the details of this work.
WR 104 Nature preprint (postscript)
WR 104 Nature preprint (pdf)
conference paper from 2000 "Winds from massive stars" (postscript)

More recently, we have been studying a second Wolf-Rayet star known as WR 98a. As it is not as bright as WR 104, it was more difficult to make images with our high-resolution techniques. Despite this, we have seen this star also has a spiral outflow tail, and we have made a movie showing its motion, which is displayed to the right.

The extra lumps and irregularities in the map are partly due to the lower quality data. This system is not quite as close to being face-on in viewing angle to the Earth. You can see this from the more elliptical shape of the tail as it curves away from the bright core. The 1.5 year period of rotation for WR 98a is longer than for WR 104, and interestingly in this case, it corresponds almost exactly to a previously-seen regular dimming and brightening.

There might be two reasons for this variability, or (as Astronomers call it) lightcurve of WR 98a. Firstly, more or less dust might be formed at different sectors as the binary star goes about its orbit. This would be likely if the orbit of the stars was not circular, but somewhat elliptical (as is the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, for example). A second reason might simply be due to our viewing angle. During certain parts of the orbit, our view of the hot inner parts might be blocked by dust, resulting in a variation in the lightcurve.

With two separate objects both exhibiting similar characteristics, we have established that the pinwheel nebulae are a class of object, not an isolated case. We hope that there might be even more of these rare exotic spirals, twirling out there in the night sky, waiting to be discovered.

Click Here for a preprint of the WR 98a paper, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters 1999, 525, L97.

For more information about other exciting research in the field of stellar interferometry, please see the SUSI interferometer web page; the Infrared Spatial Interferometer Group, at Space Sciences Laboratory, U.C. Berkeley or the Infrared Optical Telescpe Array on Mt Hopkins, Arizona.
The original press release is available for further reading at the U.C. Berkeley Public Affairs Office
This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation Stellar Astronomy and Astrophysics Program.