Astronomy 122 - - Fall 2006
The History of Matter.
The class will meet MWF 11-12noon in Room 807 of the Dennison Bldg.
The text for the course will be available on line,
but you will need a password to reach it. These
will be emailed to registered students as soon as names
are available from WOLVERINEACCESS.
You may download the text and print it. Note that a
printed text is convenient to read, but the links are not
available on the hard-copy version!
If you have a UM uniquename
and email me (cowley@umich.edu), I will give you the password,
so you can peruse the text before registering.
The course is structured for non-science majors, and the
few equations in the text are mostly used for illustration
(e.g. Einstein's E = mc2, or Newton's F = ma).
Nevertheless, our discussion covers a lot of quite sophisticated
science.
Each student will give one, or two
15-minute presentations on topics
chosen from the reading material.
The depth and level of these presentations
is left to the individual.
When we are not in this "presentation" mode, probably two-thirds of the
term, the daily classes will be organized as follows.
The class will be divided into
four houses. Each meeting, one of the four houses will have responsibility
of summarizing the assigned readings. This job is split evenly among the
house members. Members of this "presenting house" will
answer questions posed by the members of the other three houses, or will
have the option of appealing to the "judge," (that's me). Students
not in the house answering questions will bring two written questions
to class on the day's reading. These questions will be handed in at the
end of class, along with an evaluation of how well the question was
answered. There is not time for all of the questions to be answered
in class, but I try to write at least a brief answer to all the
questions before returning them at the next class meeting.
Chapter 1: Matter and the Chemical Elements
What is matter?
Kinds of Matter
The Chemical Elements
Regularities in the Periodic Table
The Starting Point
Abundance Tables and Cosmochemistry
Summary
Chapter 2: A Quick Tour of the Universe: Part I, The Solar
System
The Earth and Meteorites
The Moon and Mercury
Venus, Mars, and the Asteroids
The Jovian Planets and Pluto
Satellites and Rings
Comets
The Sun
Summary
Chapter 3: A Quick Tour of the Universe: Part II, Stars,
Nebulae, and Galaxies
Models for the Universe
A Universe of Galaxies and Structure
Galaxies
Stars and Star Clusters
Gas and Dust in the Plane of the Galaxy
Summary
Chapter 4: Atoms, Nuclei, and Abundances
Spectra of the Sun and Stars
Isotopes
The Standard Abundance Distribution (SAD)
The Atomic Nucleus
The Quantum Theory
Uncertainty and the Wave Function
Sizes of Atoms and Nuclei
The Nuclear Force and the Potential Well
A Quantum Particle in a Potential Well
The Valley of Beta Stability
The Nuclear Shell Model
just as we did in a previous section.
Summary
Chapter 5: The Synthesis of the Elements in the Big Bang and
Stars
Historical Perspective
Cosmical Nucleosynthesis--History
The Source of Stellar Energy
Gamow's Notion of Tunneling
Helium Burns to Carbon
Alpha Nuclides
Stellar Evolution
Summary
Chapter 6: Synthesis of Heavy Nuclei
Beyond the Iron Peak
of neutron addition at intermediate rates. In the next two sections,
Slow Neutron Addition---The $s$-Process
The Signature of the $s$-Process
Rapid Neutron Addition
Nucleosynthesis by The $r$-Process
The $r$- and $s$- and $p$-Contributions
Some Unsolved Problems
Summary
Chapter 7: Non-Stellar Nucleosynthesis
A Universal Helium Abundance
The First Three Minutes
Abundances of the Light Elements
Cosmic Rays
Stellar Lithium
Summary
Chapter 8: Interstellar Clouds--The Birthplace of stars
The World of Bart J. Bok
Giant Molecular Clouds
Dust
Cloud Formation and Dissipation
Summary
Chapter 9: The Early Solar Nebula
Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium
The Laws of Thermodynamics
The Gibbs Energy and the Direction of Chemical Reactions
Chemical Equilibrium and Condensation
History and Planetary Densities
Condensation Temperatures and Volatility
Summary
Chapter 10: Biography of the Earth and Moon
The Apollo Mission
Minerals
Earth Rocks and Moon Rocks
Surfaces of the Present Earth and Moon
Early History of the Earth
A Flat Earth Picture of the Earth's History
The Origin of the Moon
Summary
Chapter 11: Life
Life On Our World and On Others
Understanding Life
The Building Blocks
Water, and Molecules in Solution
Running Uphill--ATP
Conditions for Life
Racemic Mixtures and Meteorites
Catalysts and Enzymes
The Problem of Origins
Life On Other Worlds
Summary
Chapter 12: Chemical Evolution of Galaxies and the
Universe
In the Beginning
Oxygen Isotopes in the Solar System
Presolar Grains and Carbon Stars
Chemical Evolution in the Solar Neighborhood
Local Chemical Evolution
Chemical History of Spiral Galaxies
Starburst Systems
Clusters and Elliptical Galaxies
The Most Distant Systems
Summary