Astronomy 122 - - Fall 2006

The History of Matter.

The class will meet MWF 11-12noon in Room 807 of the Dennison Bldg.

The text for the course will be available on line, but you will need a password to reach it. These will be emailed to registered students as soon as names are available from WOLVERINEACCESS. You may download the text and print it. Note that a printed text is convenient to read, but the links are not available on the hard-copy version!

If you have a UM uniquename and email me (cowley@umich.edu), I will give you the password, so you can peruse the text before registering.

The course is structured for non-science majors, and the few equations in the text are mostly used for illustration (e.g. Einstein's E = mc2, or Newton's F = ma). Nevertheless, our discussion covers a lot of quite sophisticated science.

Each student will give one, or two 15-minute presentations on topics chosen from the reading material. The depth and level of these presentations is left to the individual.

When we are not in this "presentation" mode, probably two-thirds of the term, the daily classes will be organized as follows. The class will be divided into four houses. Each meeting, one of the four houses will have responsibility of summarizing the assigned readings. This job is split evenly among the house members. Members of this "presenting house" will answer questions posed by the members of the other three houses, or will have the option of appealing to the "judge," (that's me). Students not in the house answering questions will bring two written questions to class on the day's reading. These questions will be handed in at the end of class, along with an evaluation of how well the question was answered. There is not time for all of the questions to be answered in class, but I try to write at least a brief answer to all the questions before returning them at the next class meeting.


Chapter 1: Matter and the Chemical Elements

  • What is matter?
  • Kinds of Matter
  • The Chemical Elements
  • Regularities in the Periodic Table
  • The Starting Point
  • Abundance Tables and Cosmochemistry
  • Summary

    Chapter 2: A Quick Tour of the Universe: Part I, The Solar System

  • The Earth and Meteorites
  • The Moon and Mercury
  • Venus, Mars, and the Asteroids
  • The Jovian Planets and Pluto
  • Satellites and Rings
  • Comets
  • The Sun
  • Summary

    Chapter 3: A Quick Tour of the Universe: Part II, Stars, Nebulae, and Galaxies

  • Models for the Universe
  • A Universe of Galaxies and Structure
  • Galaxies
  • Stars and Star Clusters
  • Gas and Dust in the Plane of the Galaxy
  • Summary

    Chapter 4: Atoms, Nuclei, and Abundances

  • Spectra of the Sun and Stars
  • Isotopes
  • The Standard Abundance Distribution (SAD)
  • The Atomic Nucleus
  • The Quantum Theory
  • Uncertainty and the Wave Function
  • Sizes of Atoms and Nuclei
  • The Nuclear Force and the Potential Well
  • A Quantum Particle in a Potential Well
  • The Valley of Beta Stability
  • The Nuclear Shell Model just as we did in a previous section.
  • Summary

    Chapter 5: The Synthesis of the Elements in the Big Bang and Stars

  • Historical Perspective
  • Cosmical Nucleosynthesis--History
  • The Source of Stellar Energy
  • Gamow's Notion of Tunneling
  • Helium Burns to Carbon
  • Alpha Nuclides
  • Stellar Evolution
  • Summary

    Chapter 6: Synthesis of Heavy Nuclei

  • Beyond the Iron Peak of neutron addition at intermediate rates. In the next two sections,
  • Slow Neutron Addition---The $s$-Process
  • The Signature of the $s$-Process
  • Rapid Neutron Addition
  • Nucleosynthesis by The $r$-Process
  • The $r$- and $s$- and $p$-Contributions
  • Some Unsolved Problems
  • Summary

    Chapter 7: Non-Stellar Nucleosynthesis

  • A Universal Helium Abundance
  • The First Three Minutes
  • Abundances of the Light Elements
  • Cosmic Rays
  • Stellar Lithium
  • Summary

    Chapter 8: Interstellar Clouds--The Birthplace of stars

  • The World of Bart J. Bok
  • Giant Molecular Clouds
  • Dust
  • Cloud Formation and Dissipation
  • Summary

    Chapter 9: The Early Solar Nebula

  • Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium
  • The Laws of Thermodynamics
  • The Gibbs Energy and the Direction of Chemical Reactions
  • Chemical Equilibrium and Condensation
  • History and Planetary Densities
  • Condensation Temperatures and Volatility
  • Summary

    Chapter 10: Biography of the Earth and Moon

  • The Apollo Mission
  • Minerals
  • Earth Rocks and Moon Rocks
  • Surfaces of the Present Earth and Moon
  • Early History of the Earth
  • A Flat Earth Picture of the Earth's History
  • The Origin of the Moon
  • Summary

    Chapter 11: Life

  • Life On Our World and On Others
  • Understanding Life
  • The Building Blocks
  • Water, and Molecules in Solution
  • Running Uphill--ATP
  • Conditions for Life
  • Racemic Mixtures and Meteorites
  • Catalysts and Enzymes
  • The Problem of Origins
  • Life On Other Worlds
  • Summary

    Chapter 12: Chemical Evolution of Galaxies and the Universe

  • In the Beginning
  • Oxygen Isotopes in the Solar System
  • Presolar Grains and Carbon Stars
  • Chemical Evolution in the Solar Neighborhood
  • Local Chemical Evolution
  • Chemical History of Spiral Galaxies
  • Starburst Systems
  • Clusters and Elliptical Galaxies
  • The Most Distant Systems
  • Summary